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 % {*ELCOM Estuary Lake and Coastal Ocean Model++#9Centre for Water Research University of Western Australia::Why calibrate? 6ZZ Why calibrate?-To improve confidence in your predictions 6-ZZ,, Model calibration Modifying input parameters until output matches a set of field data  an iterative procedure of parameter evaluation and refinement, as a result of comparing simulated and observed values of interest 6ZZ ELCOM Calibration parameters(2There aren t many & . 6ZZ ELCOM Calibration parameters(There aren t many & . Bottom drag coefficient is really the only available calibration parameter (run_elcom.dat file) Bottom drag, however, is also controlled by the numerical grid you choose. If your model is configured to simulate surface thermodynamics, then the light extinction coefficient is also a calibration parameter. xZ`ZKZZZ`K&b  Calibrating for drag  Grid drag    Grid drag   Sensitivity analysis Conducting sensitivity analysis ( A process to follow V  0` 33` Sf3f` 33g` f` www3PP` ZXdbmo` \ғ3y`Ӣ` 3f3ff` 3f3FKf` hk]wwwfܹ` ff>>\`Y{ff` R>&- {p_/̴>?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ ` n?" dd@   @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> (    6 " `}  T Click to edit Master title style! !$  0 " `  RClick to edit Master text styles Second level Third level Fourth level Fifth level!     S  0dȓ "^ `  >*  0͓ "^   @*  0ѓ "^ `  @*d  C .A LogoTransp"00H  0޽h ? 3f3FKf80___PPT10./5N Default Design0 0 q(  ~  s *a 0l  ~  s *b@0  d  C .ATitleSlide"`p   0d ` `   a1Sensitivity analysis, calibration and validation 22H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.`2.l+D=' = @B +a 0 xp H(  H~ H s *{ `}   ~ H s *|~ `  ^ H 6^ H 6H H 0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.st+D=' = @B +a 0 xp (  ~  s *T` `}  ` ~  s * Z`~ ` ` ^  6^  6H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.st+D=' = @B +a 0 xp (  ~  s *D` `}  ` ~  s *41`~ ` ` ^  6^  6H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.st+D=' = @B +a 0 xp (  ~  s *` `}  ` ~  s *Q~ ` ` ^  6^  6H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.st+D=' = @B +a 0 xp (  ~  s * ` `}  ` ~  s *X`~ ` ` ^  6^  6H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.st+D=' = @B + 0 @  =(  ~  s *l3Q `  Q ^  6^  6h  0P2`oVNF___PPT9(  JRun base model Modify drag coefficient and re-run model Change in results?. 2< 2<8XC8 @  @@    0%"`   T"Grid sensitivity analysis required#(2#@ @  @   06"`@ 5Yes(2   0 "`@  FCalibration required(2T  c $  0"`  4No(2T  c $ `H  0޽h ?/@    33___PPT10i.st+D=' = @B +  0 $  (  ~  s *f` `}  ` ^  6^  6    BCP DE0F8AA> p@p@  P @"` @    B C DEF AAjJ``   @"``    0=Q`PG j:A coarser vertical grid will result in more numerical drag; 2;dB   <F` `H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.st+D=' = @B +# 0 :2P  (  ~  s *~Q `}  Q ^  6^  6  # BCP DE0F8> p@p@  P @"` @  # B C DEF jJ``   @"``   0Q`PG j:A coarser vertical grid will result in more numerical drag; 2;dB  <F` `   0Q CDGrid > CDActualD 2$   0hP  CDGrid < CDActualD 2$H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.st+D=' = @B + 0   6(  ~  s *` `}  ` ^  6^  6   00cQP L Assessment of the model  set-up should also be considered part of the model calibration process. Typically, this is known as  sensitivity analysis For ELCOM, this includes an assessment of the sensitivity of the model results to the selection of the following: time step horizontal grid resolution vertical grid resolution location of the open boundary conditions @  2l 2 2 lH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.st+D=' = @B +  0 # (  ~  s *4` `}  ` ^  6^  6)  0zQPK 1 Requires running different model configurations to understand how important an individual decision is in the model results. Complexity of the analysis Running different timesteps is relatively straightforward. Running new vertical resolution tests is relatively straightforward, as only minor changes are required to the bathymetry file. Changes to the open boundary locations are relatively complex, as require new forcing data to be generated Changes to the horizontal grid resolution are time consuming, as they require the generation of a new grid. Z~ 2 2 2 2~ |H  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.st+D=' = @B +[ 0 rj0 (  ~  s *8` `}  ` ^  6^  6x  0tPPH@___PPT9" @Run the base model. Modify the drag coefficient and compare results with the base model. Modify the timestep and compare results. Modify the vertical grid resolution and compare results. Determine whether numerical drag is a factor or not. Modify the horizontal grid resolution by creating a new grid of finer resolution, re-configure the model and compare results. Note  this can all be done without any field data. It is not a calibration process, it is a process of understanding how sensitive the model is to certain configurations. ,r 2 2rd8XH  0޽h ? 33___PPT10i.st+D=' = @B +rP0@$(@.{+M25`BEPV\9H# Se1Oh+'0 hp    (Lakes and the carbon cycleJason Antenucci antenucc175Microsoft Office PowerPoint@a@Pí@NKGhg  ,V'&" WMFC <8?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnoqrstuvwxyz{|}~ Root EntrydO)PicturesCurrent UserSummaryInformation(ȭPowerPoint Document(peDocumentSummaryInformation8