ࡱ>  ,@bjbj Vd72: : LLL$p000P$1<`1Tp11111222a~L22222511555281L15255^4LL04v055BL222ppd0pp0: :    WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION ________________________  INTERGOVERNMENTAL OCEANOGRAPHIC COMMISSION (OF UNESCO) ________________________ Joint WMO-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) Observations Programme Area Coordination Group Third Meeting Paris, France, 9 to 11 March 2009OCG-III/Doc. 3.1(1) (5.III.2009) __________ ITEM 3.1(1) Challenges & Issues for the VOS & ASAP (Submitted by Graeme Ball, SOT Chairperson, with contributions from Julie Fletcher (VOS) & Rudolf Krockauer (ASAP)) Summary and purpose of the document This document summarized the challenges and issues addressed by the Voluntary Observing Ship (VOS) Scheme and the Automated Shipboard Aerological Programme (ASAP) in terms of performance measured against requirements, data collection and exchange, measurement standards and quality control issues, logistics and resources, use of the data, capacity building requirements, and the potential for new technology. It is then proposing ideas for the way forward.  ACTION PROPOSED The Group will review the information contained in this document and comment and make decisions or recommendations as appropriate. ____________ Appendix: None Discussion 1. Performance Measured Against Requirements 1.1 VOS 1.1.1 The JCOMM VOS Scheme is a unique network in that is devoid of a target network size. The JCOMM VOS Scheme consists of national VOS fleets (VOF), each of which consists of a mix of commercial, research, fishing, passenger and private vessels. Ships by their very nature are transient and, particularly in times of economic change, are liable to be re-routed or even scuttled. Ships are also prone to periodic dry-docking and lengthy stays at anchor while waiting for a berth. The challenges to maintain a global VOS are enormous and the imposition of a global target is unrealistic. 1.1.2 VOSClim is currently a project within the global VOS and comprises of ships meeting a range of criteria. The initial VOSClim target of 200 ships was achieved by December 2006. A revised target of 250 ships set at SOT-IV was achieved by June 2007. The Task Team on VOSClim is expected to recommend to SOT-V that VOSClim end as a project but, in order to maintain an ongoing network of Climate Reference Ships, a new meteorological class of reporting ship be introduced called VOSClim. 1.1.3 Ships participating in the VOS Scheme are encouraged to report at the 4 standard observing times (00, 06, 12 and 18 UTC). In reality, there is a wide variation in the frequency of reporting between ships. Some ships equipped with an AWS may report hourly, whilst manually reporting ships may report only once per day or not at all. On average, in excess of 100k BBXX are distributed on the GTS per month, predominantly in the Northern Hemisphere. 1.2. ASAP 1.2.1 The ASAP has stated requirements for the height of the sounding (< 50 hPa) as well as for the timeliness of delivery to the GTS (HH + 100 mins) . 1.2.2 E-ASAP, part of EUMETNET, which represents about 75% of all ASAP ships, has additional requirements for the percentage of soundings on the GTS compared to total launches = 80%; the percentage of soundings received by HH+100 mins (Parts AB & CD) = 95%; the percentage of soundings received by HH+50 mins (Parts AB only) = 50%; the percentage of soundings reaching 100hPa = 90%; and the percentage of soundings reaching 50hPa = 75% 2. Data Collection & Exchange 2.1 VOS 2.1.1 Data from the VOS includes (1) real-time meteorological data, i.e. BBXX, (2) delayed-mode meteorological data, i.e, observational data in an electronic logbook or the traditional paper logbook, and (3) metadata for WMO No. 47 and NMS requirements. 2.1.2 Ships weather reports, more commonly known as SHIP or FM13, are transmitted via a satellite communication system. The most common of these is by Inmarsat C to a land Earth Station using a Special Access Code. The Special Access Code diverts the cost of the transmission to the NMS in the country to which the message was sent. This has led to a situation in the past, particularly in Europe, where one NMS was over-burdened with Inmarsat C charges for SHIP messages. Statistics from the RSMC show that about 85% of all BBXX are received within 60 minutes and over 90% within 120 minutes. 2.1.3 As part of the WMO Marine Climatological Summaries Scheme, NMS are requested to provide quality controlled delayed-mode VOS data in IMMT-3 format to the Global Collection Centres in the UK and Germany. Some NMS choose to supply this data as an output from their archive of real-time BBXX received from the GTS, supplemented with missed observations extracted from the delayed-mode data routinely recovered from the ships. Other NMS, particularly those with a high percentage of ships running TurboWin, may choose to simply provide the individual delayed-mode IMMT files recovered from the ships. Submissions to the MCSS via the GCC should be at least annually, but preferably quarterly. 2.1.4 Metadata relating to the individual ships and the installed meteorological equipment and observing program are collected by a PMO at recruitment and updated as required at subsequent inspection visits. Metadata in support of WMO No. 47 is requested from members every quarter. 2.2 ASAP Radiosonde data are collected and logged every 2 seconds onboard the ship. At the completion of the flight, a low resolution TEMP message indicating the inflection points in the profile is automatically created and transmitted by satellite communications to the responsible NMS for GTS distribution. The full resolution raw data are regularly recovered from the ship and archived by the NMS. Some ships are now sending high resolution BUFR data at 10 second intervals. 3. Measurement Standards & QC Issues 3.1 VOS 3.1.1 The barometer is the only meteorological instrument routinely subjected to a performance check. This is carried out by the PMO using a Transfer Standard Barometer which is traceable to national and international pressure standards. 3.1.2 VOS Programme Managers receive monthly monitoring reports from the RSMC (VOS) and RTMC (VOSClim) that compare the observations against the first guess field. The monitoring reports provide, on a per ship basis, the number of gross errors, biases and standard deviation for the following elements: air pressure, air temperature, relative humidity, sea surface temperature, wind speed and wind direction. The RSMC and RTMC in conjunction with the VOSP set the criteria for declaring a ship as suspect. The VOSClim criteria are tighter than for the VOS. 3.1.3 VOS Programme Managers and PMOs can perform near real-time monitoring of their ships with the VOS Monitoring Tools provided on the Meteo France website. 3.2 ASAP Every sounding requires some manual intervention by the operator (e.g. preparing and filling the balloon, initialising the radiosonde, assembling the balloon/radiosonde package, initialising the sounding software) and may be the source of some failed soundings. The sounding software automatically creates and transmits the TEMP message. Quality Monitoring of the messages and performance monitoring of the ships is conducted by the responsible NMS. 4. Logistics & Resources The biggest resource in the SOT (VOS, ASAP and SOOP) are ships. Unfortunately the shipping industry is not immune to economic fluctuations. A recent report In the Daily Commercial News, a Lloyds publication, reports that the worlds biggest cash buyer of ships predicts 1000 ships will be scuttled in 2009, a direct result of the current economic situation. This will very likely have some impact on the global VOS. 4.1 VOS 4.1.1 The global VOS is underpinned by the international Port Meteorological Officer (PMO) network. The resources necessary to operate and maintain a VOS Programme are provided at the national level; however fixed NMS budgets and increasing costs are affecting the ability of some countries to maintain adequate levels of serviceable equipment. 4.1.2 Regrettably, some countries have ceased operating their VOS Program and disbanded their PMO network since SOT-IV on economic grounds. There is also concern that the VOS Programs operated by the Netherlands remains under serious threat from NWP. The reason for this is not clear but, in the opinion of the Chair of SOT, this could be because NWP in that region does not consider ship observations necessary for model initialisation. Most people either directly or indirectly associated with SOT consider this to be a misguided view and lacking in sound reasoning from a climate perspective. 4.1.3 The JCOMM VOS website <  HYPERLINK "http://www.bom.gov/au/jcomm/vos/" http://www.bom.gov/au/jcomm/vos/ > is a valuable resource for VOS Programme Managers and PMOs, and a source of general information about the VOS Scheme for interested visitors, ship owners and shipping companies. 4.2 ASAP 4.2.1 All ships receive regular supplies of helium, radiosondes and balloons provided by the responsible NMS. Wherever possible the ships crane is used to load the helium. The majority of the 16 E-ASAP ships are maintained at nine ports across Europe, however there is difficulty in maintaining the few ships that no longer call at a main port: the assistance of additional supporting NMS would increase the efficiency of ASAP operations. 4,2,2 The cost of an ASAP system varies between 25,000 120,000 Euro. This wide variation depends on (1) whether the system is containerised or a simple deck launcher, and (2) the cost of the sounding system. The cost per sounding, including operator fee, varies between 200 280 Euro. 5. Use Of The Data & Data Users 5.1 VOS VOS data support a wide range of applications, including: the analysis of weather systems & storm tracking; NWP and local weather forecasts; ground-truthing of satellite derived data; validating coastal and island observations; climate research, modeling and forecasts. In addition, VOS data support other industries and users including: fishing / transport / coastal engineering / search & rescue / marine pollution / offshore drilling & mining. 5.2 ASAP ASAP data are used by NWP, as this is the only source of upper air information over the data sparse oceans. Several impact studies (Norway and Australia) can attest to the positive impact of upper air soundings over the oceans. 6. Capacity-building Requirements 6.1 VOS 6.1.1 PMO training is a national responsibility, although WMO occasionally conducts a Regional PMO Training Workshop in developing areas. WMO also conducts International PMO meetings every three to four years. 6.1.2 PMOs in turn train the ships Observing Officer(s) to take, record and send the weather observation, as well as maintain the supplied equipment. 6.1.3 The Chairs of SOT and VOSP have jointly prepared two Quick Reference Guides: one for VOS Programme Managers and another for PMOs. These guides are aimed at (1) helping newly appointed personnel become familiar with the functions of their position, (2) reacquainting experienced personnel with these functions; and (3) promoting the resources available to fulfil these functions. These web-based guides are available on the JCOMM VOS website. 6.2 ASAP The training of the ships operator is the responsibility of the responsible NMS. The frequent route changes of ships combined with regular crew changes is placing an extra burden on NMS staff providing the training. 7. Potential New Technology 7.1 VOS 7.1.1 The popularity of shipboard AWS has increased in recent years as the demand for unattended, regular and consistent observations has risen. The VOSP encourages the use of AWS and expects the number of AWS-equipped ships to continue to increase. 7.1.2 Several factors however conspire to limit the equipping of ships with AWS. These include (1) the transient nature of shipping in some regions of the world, (2) the cost to purchase and install an AWS, particularly an AWS with manual input and equipment installed at many locations on the ship, and (3) communications costs. 7.1.3 Communications is one area where advances are occurring on several fronts. Email is increasingly being used to transmit the BBXX as more ships gain internet access. Emailing costs are typically borne by the ship, thus reducing NMS communications costs. The use of Iridium for transmitting AWS observations is currently under test by Canada and France: a report on the performance of Iridium is due at SOT-V. In an effort to further reduce communications cost, several NMS now use compression techniques to reduce AWS message size. 7.2 ASAP 7.2.1 The deck launcher has proven to be a good alternative to the much more costly containerised ASAP system. Whilst the deck launcher is portable and easy to install and operate, it is less convenient in cold climates. The use of deck launchers will increase as ships find it increasingly difficult to provide free space for a containerised ASAP. 7.2.2 A more robust satellite communication system would minimise lost soundings. 8. Ideas For The Way Forward 8.1 VOS 8.1.1 A portable, self contained AWS offers the advantage of easier and quicker installation and removal, without the need for an Engineer/Technician. The disadvantage of such a system is the loss of visual observations (cloud, weather, visibility, sea and swell) and SST, and possibly also wind speed and wind direction. 8.1.2 The VOSP encourages the use of electronic logbooks, e.g. TurboWin, on manual observing ships. Electronic logbooks provide consistent coding, inbuilt quality control and automatically log the observation. TurboWin is in widespread use outside of Japan and the USA. These two countries both have their own nationally developed electronic logbook. Of the countries using TurboWin, most are installing TurboWin on an opportunity basis, however Great Britain and the Netherland have declared all of their manual observing ships will use TurboWin. 8.1.3 Several NMS have successfully tested plastic screens to replace the wooden marine screens used on ships. Originally developed for the Met Office and introduced at SOT-II, the plastic screen is more durable and more cost effective. The VOSP expects the use of plastic screens on ships to increase. ________________     OCG-III/Doc. 3.1(1), p.  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