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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\dbch\af13\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af13\loch\f12  SCIENCE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af13\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid11555147 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2052\dbch\af13\langfenp2052\insrsid11555147 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trqc\trgaph120\trleft284\trftsWidth3\trwWidth10560\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trpaddl120\trpaddr120\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid5710097\tblind404\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr
\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3044\clshdrawnil \cellx3328\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2720\clshdrawnil \cellx6048\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2268\clshdrawnil \cellx8316\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2528\clshdrawnil \cellx10844\row }\pard \ltrpar
\qc \li0\ri-27\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\nowwrap\faauto\adjustright\rin-27\lin0\itap0\pararsid11555147 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs16 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs16\lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af13\langnp2057\langfenp1033\insrsid11555147 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 Eleventh\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12  Session of the Global Ocean Observing System }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\insrsid11555147 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 Scientific Steering Committee (GSSC-XI)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11555147 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 8-10 April 2008 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11555147 \loch\af12\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11555147 
\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12  Room XIV }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11555147 \loch\af12\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12  UNESCO BONVIN
\par {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 Paris{\*\xmlclose}, {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname country-region}}\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 France}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid11555147 {\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\nowwrap\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11555147 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11555147 {\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK2}{\*\bkmkend OLE_LINK1}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1042\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af12\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1042 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18\alang335 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af12\afs26\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12               Coastal Hazard Reduction and Strategy for 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12       {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceName}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 Regional{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceType}}\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 Ocean
{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} Observing  System for Developing Countries
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af12\afs18\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12                                }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af12\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 
           Dong-Young Lee
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12                      {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceName}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 Korea{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceType}}\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 
Ocean{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} Research and Development Institute
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs18\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af12\afs26\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 I. Introduction
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37     The coastal zone attracts vast human settlements due to its proximity's to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  ocean's resources, and marine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
transportation and recreation.  Population increase in the coastal zone and associated coastal development make coastal area more vulnerable by nat\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ural hazards. Most frequent coastal hazards are associated with severe storms like tropical storms.  Tsunami often causes considerable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
damage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  in a certain coastal area of Pacific and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 Indian Ocean
{\*\xmlclose}. Other hazards, like the occu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 rrences of alga\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 l blooms cause da}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 mage to fisheries in many countries. With increasing marine traffic, manmade events like oil spills cause problem especially near the coastal waters.

\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37     While we cannot control the natural forces, we can reduce the hazards by two ways: o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ne by taking action just before or during the disaster and the other by taking preparation action in advance.  To  reduce  costly   damages due  to  natural hazard to  the minimum,   we  need  real-time  information  on sea  state and marine environments 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
and  near  future prediction for    proper  warning and for timely  operation to  reduce the impact.   Fundamental countermeasure such as proper construction of coastal hazard prevention facilities, other hardware construction require long-term statistica
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 l\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  prediction of marine environments obtained from the accumulation of long-term observation or hindcasting data.  
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37     Coastal countries pay more interest and attention on the coastal hazard reduction because it is directly related to the interest of lo\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
cal and national governments.  However, there is also a tendency that it is easy to forget such problem of coastal disaster a while after the occurrence of the hazard because the occurrence of the coastal hazard is not so frequent. To take cost effective 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 m\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
easure to reduce such rare hazard is important such a way by combining with other benefits of ocean observing system since the well organized observation and forecasting system that is needed for specific coastal hazard can be also used for other ocean se
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 r\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
vices.   Reduction of coastal disaster can be a acceptable justification for the establishment of the ocean observing system, especially for the developing countries.  The working strategy of the establishment of the ocean and costal observation system ca
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 n\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  be formulated by linking with costal disaster reduction.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37   Major challenges in data product for better service have been identified and described by IGOS Coastal Theme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 (2006).  Here, the challenges that were not discussed in depth in IGOS Coastal Theme r
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 eport}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
(2006) but may be essential in establishing coastal and ocean observing system especially in the developing countries with regard to coastal hazard will be discussed  to compensate the strategy established by C-GOOS, IGOS Coastal Theme, etc. for the 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
developing countries.  As `an important portion of global ocean observing system, the establishment of basic ocean and coastal observation and forecasting system that can produce information of nowcast, short-term forecast and long-term prediction on the 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 n\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
atural environments that are needed for the prevention and/or reduction of coastal hazard will be dealt here with emphasis on the developing countries, which cover large portion of global coastal waters.  
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    In Session II, major coastal hazard and ocean \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
observing system are reviewed and in Session III,  the major obstacles in building ocean observing system and their solution will be introduced.  The strategy of GOOS development related to coastal hazard reduction for the developing countries will be sum
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 m\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 arized in Session IV.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af12\afs26\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\loch\af12\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 II. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af12\afs26\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 Coastal Hazard
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 2.1 Extreme storm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  and resultant winds, waves and storm surge
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
   Tropical cyclones (Typhoon, Hurricane, Cyclone..) and their associated phenomena like high winds, waves, surges, floods, etc. can cause big damages \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
to life and property along the coast.  The associated storm surge is a long gravity wave which amplifies at shallow coastal waters and the coast.  The factors that combine to cause a storm surge are partly meteorological and partly hydrographic.  Along th
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 beach and plain coastal area the dynamic wave set-up contribute a lot to the water level rise due to high waves generated by the severe storm.  Tropical storms are not the only big events that cause coastal and ocean disaster.  Extreme winter storm, whic
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 h\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  is much difficult to forecast causes serious }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 da}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 mage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 in many areas. Accurate prediction of storms and associated waves, surges requires an observing system that has the capability of
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11555147 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
- tracking the size and intensity of storms in real time; 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - providing d\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ata on sea-level, winds, waves and currents in real time;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 and 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - short-term forecasting the areal extent and depth of flooding based on 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
topography, land type and cover, and runoff patterns. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
- long-term statistical estimation of extreme events that may o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ccur for 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  given return period for coastal defense.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 2.2 Tsunami
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
   A tsunami is a long ocean wave, triggered by an underwater earthquake, volcanic activity or a lands slide and can savage\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ly attack coastlines, causing devastating property damage and loss of life.  These waves have unusually long-wave length in excess of 100 km, generated in the open ocean and transformed into a train of catastrophic oscillations on the sea surface close to
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 coastal zones. Even though a great deal of work has been initiated in the past decade, many coastal area}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 still remain generally ill-prepared for tsunamis. One of the tsunami mitigation measures is to set up a network of seabed sensors and coastal water le\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
vel monitoring system giving humanity a precious tool to predict and track tsunamis in real time as part of a tsunami warning system. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 2.3 Erosion
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37     Coastal erosion occurs when wind, waves and long shore currents move sand from the shore and deposits i\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
t somewhere else.  The impact of the erosion is rather slow compared with other hazard like tsunami or storm surge.  The effects of waves, currents, tides and wind are primary natural factors that have important effects in terms of coastal erosion, sedime
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 n\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
t dynamics and harbor activities, among others.  Climatological information of winds, waves, storm surges are necessary for the simulation of sediment transport and hence preparation measure for hazard reduction caused by erosion.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 2.4 Red tide
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    Coastal\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 farming may have a direct relation to the rapidity and massive growth of algal blooms in the sea. Phyto-plankton blooms, micro-algal blooms, toxic algae, red tides, or harmful algae, are all terms for naturally occurring phenomena. Harmful algal blooms}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
(HABs) are important elements of coastal seas because they affect human health, marine resources, tourism and recreation, and ecosystem health. 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    Advance warning of harmful algal blooms (HABs) increases the options for managing these events. The HAB Fore\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
casting System supplies information on the location, extent, and potential for development or movement of harmful algal blooms.  The  prediction  of  harmful  algal  events can be obtained through interdisciplinary research,  modeling,  and  an  enhanced 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
observational  network.  Basic knowledge on the ecology and oceanography of HABs is insufficient to be able to provide accurate prediction of occurrence, development and movement of harmful algal blooms, which may need to be obtained through research coop
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ration among regional sea.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 2.5 Oil Spill
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    Major types of pollutants that have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  impacts on human activities }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
are oil, sewage, garbage, chemicals, radioactive waste and thermal pollution.  Oil spills remain a major problem, which can have a serious econo\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
mic impact on coastal activities and on living organisms, especially when it occurs near a coastline.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    Prevention is the most cost-effective means of protecting coastal marine environments. To be able  to predict oil spill  spreading operationally, the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
marine  environmental conditions  such   as  wind,  tidal current,  wind  drift  current, ocean  current are needed  to be   provided as input data of the operational prediction model.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid9784607 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37     
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s15 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\lang1033\langfe1042\loch\af12\langfenp1042\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 III.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \fi-720\li1120\ri0\nowidctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1120\wrapdefault\faauto\ls1\rin0\lin1120\itap0\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af12\afs26\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 The strategy for {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname PlaceName}}\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 Regional{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname 
PlaceType}}\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 Ocean{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} Observing Syst\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 em to reduce coastal hazard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\loch\af12\insrsid3163618 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li400\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin400\itap0\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\loch\af12\insrsid3163618 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 Data and information required in taking proper }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 measures to prevent or mitigate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs26\loch\af12\insrsid3163618\charrsid3163618 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
coastal hazard can be also used for other purposes such as safe marine operation, coastal development and management, marine environment an\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
d resource management, climate change, etc.  Final goal is to produce data product such as nowcasting, forecasting and long-term statistical prediction of the marine and coastal environmental conditions to cope with coastal hazard and for other purposes. 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 Toward these goals there are many components of ocean observing system including in situ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  observation, remote sensing, data assimilation and ocean modeling and prediction system.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi440\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\cufi200\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 There exist many obstacles need to be overcome for the successful establis\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
hment of ocean observing system, which will meet the need to mitigate coastal hazard and also to solve many other issues in the coastal waters including global climate change.  Out of many components of operational oceanographic system, the problems in th
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  following three important steps for many coastal countries, especially developing countries will be discussed to derive the strategy for GOOS development.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li-280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-280\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
1. Observation: Well organized coastal and offshore observation system, which can provide real-time\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  data and long-term time series of observation data.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 2. Data Exchange: Exchange of in situ. data in the region and remote sensing data to produce  spatially coordinated high-resolution data in the regional sea.
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li-280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-280\itap0\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
3. Data Production: Produce data product f\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 or coastal hazard mitigation and also for other purposes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi440\li-280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-280\itap0\cufi200\culi-140\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
The need of coastal observation described in IGOS Report(2006) make it possible to identify some of the representative information products that can be generated from observational data, and many of\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 the specific national and local user groups that will benefit from this information including coastal hazard reduction.   Here the strategy for the establishment of the regional observing system (or regional operational oceanographic system) can be formu
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 l\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ated by examining the present situation and challenge of each of the above three components of ocean observing system with emphasis to the developing countries.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi660\li-280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-280\itap0\cufi300\culi-140\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 The existing ocean and coastal observing system for the \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
regional sea around the world is not satisfactory in producing the required data product for various purposes including coastal hazard reduction.  The problems (deficiencies) exist in above three elements will be analyzed mainly for the developing countri
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
s with the consideration of the importance of active participation of developing countries in GOOS implementation.  By analyzing such obstacles of the developing countries in implementing GOOS, we would be able to formulate the strategy of GOOS developmen
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 .   The in situ. observing system of each country would be essential element of the regional system and then global system.  International program would integrate systematically th}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  national}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 observing system to build GOOS.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi841\li-280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-280\itap0\cufi300\culi-140\pararsid11555147 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af12\insrsid3163618 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af12\insrsid9784607 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af12\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 3.1 Active participation of lo\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 cal, national government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi660\li-280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-280\itap0\cufi300\culi-140\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
The important strategy of the GOOS is how to derive each country to establish it's own national ocean observing system first, which can constitute the basic element of GOOS.  The coastal environmental information obta\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ined   from   the  national  data  network designed for the local demand can  be   also  used  for  GOOS  when  they  are  properly  integrated through regional and then global system.   It   seems  more  likely  that  each country, especially developing 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ountry is  not willing to resume the task of establishing ocean observing system  if  it  does  not  meet with the immediate  national or local interests such as coastal hazard reduction.   It would be much easier to persuade the developing countries to p
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
rticipate in ocean observing system with the local or regional issues like coastal hazard reduction rather than with global issues like global climate studies.   The observing platforms that feed into the coastal hazard warning systems can be used also fo
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 r\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  global system, too.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
Most challenge in promoting ocean observing system is the demonstration of the usefulness of the observation system by providing useful data product to solve various local problems including coastal hazard that local and national gove
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
rnments are more interested in. The end-users need data product that is produced using the in situ observation data rather than the measured data itself.  However, developing countries do not have capacity and/or system to use the observation data to prod
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 u\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ce useful data product, which makes it difficult to justify the sustainable operation and expansion of the ocean observing system. Hence, the basic strategy of GOOS development is to help developing countries with the capacity of data product using observ
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 tion data so that they can recognize the usefulness of ocean observing system for their own benefit.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin280\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af12\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 3.2 Cost efficient approach of ocean observing system
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri400\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin400\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri400\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin400\lin0\itap0\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af12\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 
   The in  situ.  measurement of the   marine   environment   is  very expensive and painstaking t\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 
ask.  In   addition   to the initial   establishment, the maintenance of the observation system requires lots of effort and resources.    To build the system for just limited application is hard to justify the system.  Hence, the observational system shou
\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 l\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 d be of multi use type and cost-effective. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid8261557 \loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-4012\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3992\'3f
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3995\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-4064\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3996\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3995\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3978\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3995\'3f
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3988\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3985\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3984\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3987\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3995\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3986\'3f
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3980\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-4064\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3985\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3994\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-4064\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3997\'3f
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3985\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3981\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3980\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-4064\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3995\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3994\'3f
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3994\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3991\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3997\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3991\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3995\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3986\'3f
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3980\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-4064\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3985\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3998\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3981\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3995\'3f
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3982\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3978\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3999\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3980\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3991\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3985\'3f
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3986\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-4064\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3981\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3975\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3981\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3980\'3f
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3995\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3987\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-4064\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3991\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3981\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-4064\'3f
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3995\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3981\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3981\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3995\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3986\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3980\'3f
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3991\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3999\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3988\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-4064\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3999\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3984\'3f
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3984\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3982\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3985\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3999\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3997\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3992\'3f
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-4064\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3994\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3985\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3982\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-4064\'3f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\loch\af38\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af38\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\loch\af38\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f38 - Extension of the existing coastal observation system
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\loch\af38\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs20\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\loch\af38\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f38    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af38\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f38 
 Some of the existing observing system is not fully real-time in many deve\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f38 
loping countries.  It  is possible to   convert  the   existing  observation  system to the real-time system using the low cost data logger and telemetry technology.  For example,  the non-realtime water  level monitoring  system can be improved easily to
\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f38  \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f38 realtime system, which would improve the coastal hazard mitigation measure caused by storm surge and tsunami.    
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - Making most of the existing facilities 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37     The platform for realtime observing system is very expensive.   In order}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
to establish real-time observing system cost efficiently, the existing facilities in the coastal waters and offshore such as light tower, light buoy, oil platform and sea-going vessels are suggested to use as platform for observation.   Most of the light 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 b\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
uoys    are   located at  the  area  where marine  environmental information is  urgent. The ferry boat can be used as one of most cost efficient methods in collecting marine environmental data.  The technology needed in transforming the existing faciliti
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 s into observing system need to be transferred to the developing countries with some modification.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - Real-time telemetry system for coastal waters
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid11555147 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    An  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
efficient  and  low-cost  system  for  transmitting  data  from  the 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 meteorological/oceanographic observation station is required.  For the coastal station not so far from the coast, rather low cost mobile phone system can be used for the real-time data telemetry, while 
{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname City}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns2{\factoidname place}}\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 Argos{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} and other satellite telemetry system can\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 be used for offshore stations.  The use of mobile phone is pretty common even for the developing countries these days, which can be efficiently used for real-time data measurement for disaster prevention.
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - Governance duplication problem
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    The coastal \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
zone is mostly subject to overlapping governance of local, provincial and central governments.  It is not rare that the duplication on the coastal measurement is not avoided because the funding agency and initiation time is different for each project.   I
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 is our human nature that a decision to initiate a new program is seldom undertaken in advance of the appearance of major problems or conflicts.  It is important for each agency and organization involved in the coastal development to realize that the need
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 for a better integrated approach to the coastal monitoring for the area of their interest, instead of trying to solve their problems independently when it occurs.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri400\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin400\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
- Risk of in situ. field measurement of operating agencies
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    Ocean environment is unfavor\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
able that in situ. measurement are very risky, especially for continuous long term observation in  ocean   environment.   The high risk of field measurement at open sea such as collision with vessel traffic, vandalism make it much difficult to initiate re
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
l-time ocean observing system when the field instrument is classified as a permanent equipment that government officers need to take care of for long-period of time. Research scientists   and  engineers working for relatively  less  bureaucratic  job  sho
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 u\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ld assume  the  initial risk in developing and testing  at the  field  to solve most of the technical  problems before  the  implementation  to  give confidence   for   the   government   officers   to  promote  such  coastal monitoring system. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af12\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 3.3 In s\hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 itu. observation for calibration and validation of 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12      Satellite Remote Sensing  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
   Ocean satellite missions of advanced countries have revolutionized oceanography and contribute significantly in observing global coverage of many oceanographic paramete\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
rs, even though they cover only the skin of ocean surface.   There exists a need for calibration of instruments as well as the routine validation of remotely-sensed data using accurate in situ measurements.  Developing countries enjoy lots of benefit from
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
the high technology and investment of the advanced countries in ocean satellite remote sensing. It is expected that the developing countries in turn provide the in situ. measurement data for their territory to the world community, which will take a crucia
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 l\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 role in the calibration and validation of remotely sensed observations. Such kind of cooperation would make global coverage of many ocean surface parameters available by satellite remote sensing more accurately and hence the important component of succes
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 s\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ful implementation of GOOS.  
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    To be able to derive developing countries to participate in such contribution through providing the accurate in situ. data, it is suggested that international program like GOOS help the developing countries with the use of
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 satellite remote sensing data more widely by providing technology needed in application of the remote sensing data.  Technology transfer in the analysis and application of the satellite remote sensing data to the developing countries is essential either 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
hrough capacity building program of international program or through cooperation program of the agency involved in the satellite remote sensing. When the developing countries enjoy the benefit of satellite observations that provide valuable synoptic cover
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ge, they would be more cooperative with global ocean observing system by providing in situ. data for calibration and validation of satellite remote sensing data and also further in situ. measurements of many variables that cannot be measured remotely (e.g
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 .\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 , nutrients, pollutants and pathogens, values at depth) at their territories. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin280\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af12\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 3.4 Regional approach, cooperation among neighboring 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af12\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af12\insrsid3163618 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12      countries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\alang335 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8261557 \loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3981\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3995\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3982\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3978\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3999\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 
\u-3980\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3991\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3985\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3986\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-4064\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-4013\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3975\'3f
\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3981\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3980\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3995\'3f\loch\af0\dbch\af12\hich\f0 \u-3987\'3f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af12\insrsid8261557\charrsid3163618 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    In the field of meteorology where the space scale is much larger than that of oceano\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
graphy, the real-time data all over the world is needed in producing weather forecast.  However, in producing oceanographic data product for a given regional sea, the real-time data inside the regional sea is more urgent. The cooperation among the neighbo
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 r\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ing countries sharing the same regional water body is important for operational oceanography.  The  coastal  data  network  of  the  individual  country  may  not  be sufficient  to  provide  necessary data product needed by the local users to solve the l
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 cal problems.  Following is the motivation and justification of cooperation among the countries sharing the water body:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
i). Boundary Condition of coastal models to solve various coastal problems need be obtained through regional scale \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 model covering all the regional sea.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    Cooperation between the countries sharing the same water body is essential for the establishment of an operational ocean observing and prediction system. To be able to provide present and future marine environmental
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  information for the coastal area by means of numerical modelling, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 we need to know t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
he boundary condition of various marine environmental parameters at the offshore boundary of a certain coastal area, which should be obtained by regional scale ocean pre\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 diction models.  
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ii). Neighboring countries normally have common problem in coastal disaster 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37      induced by the same kind of events.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37     Usually the countries sharing the same regional sea have common problem with coastal disasters oriented from the s\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ame kind of events such as typhoon, Tsunami, winter storm.  It is mutual benefit by confronting such coastal hazard cooperatively among the countries sharing the common water body in building observing and forecasting system.  Oil spill and red-tide becom
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 common interest of neighboring countries because they sometimes move across the boarder to reach to the neighboring countries so that such hazard can be tackled more efficiently through regional cooperation.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ii). Neighboring countries share common intere\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 st in preserving and managing 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37      the marine environments and resources of the regional sea.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37     The preservation and management of marine environment and resources is common problem of the neighboring countries through which the benefit can be shared a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 mong them.  When they fail that, the 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 demage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 will be also shared among themselves.  The task of the preservation and management of marine environments and resources require marine observation and prediction system for the entire regional sea, which can not \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
be achieved without cooperation among these countries.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 Obstacles in realtime exchange of the ocean observation data 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin280\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  The near-realtime data flows together with climate-quality data records represent the greatest challenge with respect to dissemination b
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
y facilitating coordinated archiving and distribution of existing and historical data sets for coastal applications.  A central element of data management is the issue of data access prio to the technical challenges of data handling.  There is need for en
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 h\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
anced political willingness to share observation data and provide ready access between agencies and countries in the region.  First we need to analyse the problem in building real-time data exchange especially for developing countries.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 1). Not much exper\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ience with data exchange and benefit of data sharing
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    In oceanographic community, we are not accustomed to the real-time data exchange of oceanographic data with neighboring countries since the observation and forecasting system is not fully operational
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 in many countries.  It is understandable that the data producers will be reluctant in taking extra effort for real-time data exchange to share the data with others with proper Q/C, Q/A of the data if they do not need to get the data from others.   There 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 h\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 as been a strong tendency that the data producers would not release the data for others because they do not use others data for oper}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ational service. If each country}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 has established operational oceanographic system, which require real-time observation data \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
at least for the regional sea, the real-time data exchange can be a major issue and interest of all the countries just like in the area of meteorology.   
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 2). Conflict with national interest (Securities and Pollution Problem)
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    Data sharing across juris\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
dictional limits, especially national boundaries, is a challenge for successful regional ocean observation system. Concerns regarding national security and regional political alliances directly affect the willingness of nations to make coastal environment
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 l data accessible to national and international groups.   For example there are some region}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  where the country is often reluctant to share data with neighboring countries fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 r reasons of national security }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
in the fear that such data may be passed over to oth\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
er countries of possible conflict in the future.  There is also reluctant tendency in exchanging the marine environmental data related to the pollution worrying about the possible conflict with neighboring countries on this problem in the future.  Here th
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 re is a general role for GOOS to encourage each country to release more environmental data. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 3). Technical Problem
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin280\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 Another reason why the oceanographic data is not available in real}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
time in the developing countries is that they do not have technology and facility needed for real-time data exchange.  The real-time telemetry of the field data and near re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
l-time process for Q/A, Q/C and international exchange mechanism is troublesome, wh\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ich need to be improved through GOOS capacity building program.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li-280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin-280\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin280\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 How to overcome the obstacles in ocean data exchange 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin280\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  The main issue of the development of the regional ocean observing system is how to overcome the obstacle in real-time data exchange am
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ong the neighboring countries of the regional sea and expand the availability of the data.   The most essential matters in promoting regional observing system is that each participating country recognize}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 the benefit that they can get through regional coop\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
eration of real-time data exchange.  As mentioned above, the developing country has no capacity in using the data in producing useful data product to improve ocean service, which makes it not much interested in real-time data exchange.  It is e}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 xpected that\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  GOOS would develop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 capacity building program to help developing country in building ocean forecasting and service system as most effective strategy of GOOS implementation so that developing countries will actively participate in GOOS.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37   
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  Another problem \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 that oceanographic community is not accustomed to real}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 -}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
time data exchange by submitting data to the data center. Most  the  oceanographic  data  has  not  been  exchanged   in real-time   for operational use  up to  now  and it  may not  easy  to persuade \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 all the  data producers to submit the  data in real-time  to the Center  from the beginning stage of a regional GOOS.      We need first to establish a data distribution system within each country before try to distribute internationally.    It would be 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 m\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 uch eas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ier to per}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
suade each agency to send data to the data   center inside   the country first.    Once domestic   data distribution   system   is established, it is easy to distribute data internationally.   It would be much easier to persuade people inv
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 olved to ask them to open the   data to public from their own INTERNET web site. That means to prepare a real-time service by preparing such as a internet home page and open it   for public use.  
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 Conflict with national interest is most difficult problem \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
to tackle.  The above mentioned issue of recognition of the benefit of regional cooperation, especially with the problem of coastal hazard reduction and ocean service would somehow help in lessening the reluctancy in data exchange because of conflict of n
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 a\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
tional interest.  With the acknowledgment of direct benefit in reducing coastal disaster and efficient marine operation through cooperation with neighboring countries, the voice of reluctancy on account of military and marine pollution account may possibl
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 y\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  be lowered somehow.  Here there is a general role for GOOS to encourage to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 par}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 icipate in the regional GOOS.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 Another, equally important, arena of community building is that which transcends national boundaries. There must be focused efforts to build capa\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
city in all countries if operational monitoring is to take on a regional and/or global nature. This involves training and education investments, technology transfer, and focused efforts to increase the capabilities of the appropriate institutions and indu
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 s\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
tries.  Thus, thought must be invested to ensure proper and fair dissemination of information and management practices within and between nations.  Technical challenge for the developing countries including developing the capability for remote and automat
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 d data mining, standardized formats, and durable media, quality assurance, including instrument characterization, calibration, and data validation is another step for GOOS development.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8261557\charrsid3163618 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin280\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
The establishment of observation station near the coastal water is fir\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
st priority of the coastal countries.  The problem is how to fill the gap of observation near the transboundary.  This can be covered by bi-lateral cooperation and/or regional cooperation among the neighboring countries.   Establishment and sharing the of
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 f\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
shore observation data is crucial in producing coastal information to meet the need of each country and will also contribute to the global component of GOOS. It is expected that GOOS would contribute to encourage coastal countries work together to build o
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 f\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 fshore observation station near the transboundary.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  Advanced countries need to contribute to compensate the limitation of the information from such   national coastal programs by complemented by the international programs for   the study   of global clima
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
te change.  The large regional or global program can be carried out as a joint   program.    Hence   GOOS  program can successfully achieve its  goal by properly  managing these  two important elements of ocean  observing  system;  national  ocean  observ
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 i\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ng program of each country  and  international   research   programs.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af12\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 3.5 Data Product for Nowcast and Forecasting
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
   Effective forecasting, warning, evacuation, and sheltering are primary approaches to reducing hurricane and Tsunami related coastal hazard for those who live in high-risk places.  Proper report  of present  sea  state and  its  short range  prediction 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 f\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
or the coastal waters are highly  desired for coastal disaster mitigation and for various  marine  operation.  Systematic operational ocean prediction system needs to be established for the coastal waters.  Operational oceanography is aimed to provide bet
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
er ocean/coastal service to the community that need the information on marine environmental conditions.  The present information for all the area of interest and future prediction can be produced by means of numerical ocean prediction modelling. 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  The\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  environmental information for the coastal region is   obtained by means of coastal models with offshore lateral }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 boundary is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  obtained   by   regiona}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 l prediction   models covering }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
all the region.  Prediction models should be tested intensively with availabl\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
e measurement data.   The regional models now need to be interfaced with a Global scale model, hence the local, regional and global ocean observing systems should be linked accordingly. 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37     The physical environment of the coastal zone is modeled to suppor\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
t endeavors such as coastal ocean and weather forecasting, coastal engineering, and flooding risk assessments. Through energetic research efforts, coastal circulation models are evolving rapidly and being applied to a broad range of coastal environments. 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 M\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
odels of beach dynamics and sediment transport are increasingly being developed and utilized. Models of the planktonic ecosystem have been coupled to circulation models.  These require boundary conditions and forcing fields that are consistent with the br
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ader context. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi440\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\cufi200\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 IGOS Coastal Theme provided the platform for GTOS and GOOS to work together with regional bodies and national agencies and help facilitate and deliver coastal information products critical to decision makers and to the broader public.  Majo
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 r challenges in data product for better service have been identified and described by IGOS Coastal Theme(2006).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi480\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\cufi200\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
Initial and Boundary Condition for Ocean Models}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557\charrsid3163618 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \fi440\li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\cufi200\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  Now there exist many kinds of regional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  numerical models, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 which can provide the field simulati\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
on of wind, waves, water level, SST, circulation   and pollutant transport.  These   models included:   sea surface wind   numerical model, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 the third }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
generation wave numerical model,  storm surge   numerical model,  3-d  circulation model and pollutant tra\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
nsport models.  We can classify the data product essential for coastal hazard reduction and for other purposes into two types:  Rather short-term prediction by mean of numerical ocean predict model using needed input data such as meteorological forcing an
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 d\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  long-term prediction by means of long-term accumulation of observation data or hindcasting.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin280\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
1). The   boundary effect   is so   strong that  the  prediction  can  be  made successfully only with boundary  condition without the  detailed information on in\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
itial condition interior  of the model  area once  the model has  been properly calibrated I the  development stage.   The phenomena  with direct  results of atmospheric input such as  wind waves,  wind-driven  circulation, storm surge and phenomena  like
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 tide  and tidal  current can  be  predicted just  by using boundary conditi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
on either in the air-sea interf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 e of offshore boundary.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin280\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
2). The   process is  so  complicated that   the initial  condition  as well  as boundary condition is needed  for the prop\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 er prediction  by mean of  real-time  monitoring.  For the phenomen complicated like ocean circu}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 lation should be modelled with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 initial  condition, which  should be  prepared by  means of data assimilation based on real-time monitoring data.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li280\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin280\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3163618 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 The processes \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
belong to the first category can be easily predicted by providing proper boundary conditions; offshore boundary condition and flux at air-sea interface.   Regional cooperation will be initiated to address a variety of issues including joint model developm
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
nt, data exchange and standardization, measurement network development, testing new technology, etc. Significant obstacles exist that have hindered the operational data production for oceanographic communities:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 i). Problem in providing meteorological forc\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ing
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
      Errors in forecasting the   various oceanic parameters   could   be   directly attributed to errors in the forecasts of wind.    Wind data   necessary as input to the ocean model    can be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 produced   from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 numerical weather prediction model.  Fin
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
e mesh regional model such as MM5, WRF can be used for the generation of meteorological input for regional   ocean prediction.   The initial priority is to establish the infrastructure required to improve the meteorological input to the ocean models. Impr
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 o\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ve the provision of meteorological input data to ocean models by means of large scale models fields and by assessing potential fine scale atmospheric models for the regional sea. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ii). Real-time data for the entire regional sea needed for data assimilatio\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 n to provide proper initial condition.   
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    This problem has been discussed at the former sessions. Regional cooperation to establish ocean observing system and share real-time data in the region is essential. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 iii). Offshore lateral boundary condition \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 of the regional sea 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    For the three dimensional ocean circulation prediction system, which is essential for various application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  such as oil spill, red tide, ecosystem modelling, we need to provide proper offsho\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
re lateral boundary condition which can be prepared by global scale ocean model.  In general developing countries have no capacity in carrying out such global ocean model with data assimilation using global ocean observing data.  With the support of advan
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ed countries and international program, such information can be provided to the developing countries, which in turn make the developing countries participate actively in ocean observing system to produce better data product needed to solve their own local
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 or regional problems.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 Ocean Data Production and Service System
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
    Most of the countries have national meteorological agency charged with observing and forecasting the atmosphere.  Ocean observing and prediction system is not fully operational in many c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ountries, especially in developing countries.   The countries that have national oceanography agencies with a mandate to observe and produce data product for ocean service is limited.   In many countries, the ocean observing network has been built on the 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 s\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ustained work of research oceanographers.  The continuation is not guaranteed.  
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af12\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af12\loch\f12 3.6 Coastal Hazard Reduction and Global Climate Change Study
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37      The fundamental action to mitigate coastal hazard is to prepare proper measures to mitigate coastal disast
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ers in advance through coastal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 defense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  project such as construction of coastal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 defense}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 facilities and proper management and control of coastal area.  Design of coastal facilities and coastal development are based on the design criteria such as design wave \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
height, wind speed, water level, which are mostly controlled by tropical storms like Hurricane and Typhoon in some region and winter storms in other area.  Accurate extreme climate data are essential for various applications of coastal and ocean engineeri
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 n\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 g such as coastal and marine planning, designing, management and operations. 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    Since space and temporal coverage of observation data is limited to produce reliable long-term climates for all the area of the regional sea, design criteria is obtained by m\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
eans long-term hindcasting using available meteorological data and extreme statistic analysis.  Hazard or inundation map is also used to prepare certain measure to mitigate coastal flood disaster in low lying area.  Coastal engineer designing flood defens
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 s also may need a precise confidence interval for the probability that a critical level will be exceeded.   
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    In the past, one of the difficulties in long-term wave simulation was the specification of the proper wind fields required as an input of wave \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
model. Conveniently, recently re-analyzed weather data is available to be used for wave simulation. One of these, and of the longest length is NCEP/NCAR (National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research) another is EC
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 M\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 WF (European Midrange Weather Forecasts) wind data. Many researchers conducted wave hindcasting using these re-analyzed wind data (Gnther et al. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang1030\langfe1042\loch\af37\dbch\af37\langnp1030\insrsid8261557\charrsid9784607 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 (1998), Sterl et al. (1998), Hatada et al. (1998), Cox et al. (2001), Hatada et al. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 (2005)).
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\loch\af12\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
   It is assumed that climate is steady state in the analysis of design criteria, which may not be valid in the future due to the impact of global climate change.     Greenhouse gas emissions can be the greates}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 t threat facing the world today,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  which may req
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
uire  a more effective, more inclusive long-term approach to climate change. There is now a wide body of scientific evidence that human activity is changing the climate.  The signs are perhaps most visible in the Arctic, where sea ice cover this past summ
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 e\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
r was the smallest ever measured(A World of SCIENCE, Vol. 4, No. 1, January . March 2 2006). The intensity of Tropical Cyclone seem to increase quite a lot recently as shown in  Hurricane Katrina that devastated the US Gulf Coast in 2005 and Typhoon Maemi
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 caused un-prec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 dent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 da}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 mage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  to the South e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 stern coasta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 area of Korea in 2003.    However, it is hard to link scientifically any one extreme event to global climate change but the ongoing trend confirms that global change is under way.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    With increase of \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 sea surface temperature as a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid16266004 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 result}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 of global warming, the intensity of typhon is expected to increase.  Most challenging task in the coastal disaster mitigation may be the estimation of the extreme sea state in the future related to the intensification of\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 typhoon intensity.  The knowledge of the human being is so uncertain to estimate these, which will make very difficult in coping with future coastal disaster with the global warming.   The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is charge
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 d\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  with assessing climate research, stated that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \loch\af37\hich\af0\dbch\f37 \uc2\u8216\'a1\'ae}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 the balance of evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \loch\af37\hich\af0\dbch\f37 \uc2\u8217
\'a1\'af}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  suggested a human influence on climate. Recent scientific studies, which will feed into the Panel}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \loch\af37\hich\af0\dbch\f37 \uc2\u8217\'a1\'af}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
s report in 2007, reinforce this evidence, key pieces of which come from the oceans.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 H\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 owever, it is difficult to include the impact of global climate change at present because our knowledge on that is still poor. It is unlikely to secure tremendously large amo}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 unt of budget for coastal defens}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
e based on information with lots of uncertainty. N\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ew methods of estimation of design criteria need to be developed to cope with the impact of global climate change in the future. Research on the change of typhoon intensity related to the global climate change is essential to reduce the uncertainty in des
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 i\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 gn criteria estimation to be used for practical applications.  These include to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
predict changes in the occurrence of extreme events (such as flooding) under different climate scenarios.  Regional cooperation among the countries in the region is necessary t\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
o cope with the common problem of coastal and harbor hazard with increase of typhoon intensity in the future. Scientific observations and research are needed to help to understand how regional climate will change, to improve predictions about shorter-term
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 changes in the local climate and also long-term change of climate to equip governments and citizens of the world with better knowledge to help them in making decisions about the future.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid9784607 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af37\afs28\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs28\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 IV. Strategy of OOS Implementation for Coastal Hazard 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37     Reduction\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 (to be refined with further modification)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37     Active participation of the developing countries}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
in the implementation of GOOS is the essential, since they cover large portion of the world ocean. Coastal Hazard is a common problem of\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 each country with major attention of  public and marine policy makers because it is directly related to the interest of local and national government.   The observation system that feed into the costal hazard warning and reduction can be used for global 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
omponent of GOOS as well as other purpose of ocean service.  Hence, one of the working strategy of GOOS implementation can be summarized by the promotion of establishment of regional GOOS especially in the region of developing}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  countries with conjunction of\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
coastal hazard reduction.  First the issue why regional GOOS is important for the successful implementation of GOOS will be discussed and then  the problem how to establish regional GOOS successfully in the developing countries will be summarized as a str
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ategy of GOOS development.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 1). Regional GOOS for the users and for Global GOOS
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - Each country will acknowledge the usefulness of ocean observing system through regional operational oceanographic system, which will justify the investment of national resources in building national}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ocean observing system that will form an essential elem\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ent of GOOS.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - For more effective data product, each country will realize the need of real-time data from the neighboring countries of the re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 gional sea, which will in turn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
promote the real-time data exchange among regional countries and with rest of the w\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 orld, which is essential for GOOS development.
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
- More consistant observation program through operational observation system will enable continuity of measurements that will guarantee that key measurements will be sustained without breaks in the record, \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
which is important for GOOS.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - Global component of GOOS would be easily implemented by integrating the regional ocean observing system and by other international or regional program initiated by international agencies to cover the ocean that are not handl
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ed by Regional GOOS.
\par 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 2). Coastal Hazard Reduction and Regional GOOS
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - The coastal countries, both advanced and developing countr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 , will pay more attention and interest in coastal disaster prevention, which hence become a major motivation of active par\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ticipation in the ocean observing system.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - The reluctancy in sharing real-time data regard to national security and marine pollution issue can be more easily overcome through the justification of the participation of each country in coastal hazard reduct
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ion activities through regional GOOS.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - The observation system for the coastal hazard reduction can be used to solve other coastal problems and global GOOS.   The cooperation on regional GOOS for coastal disaster prevention can be easily obtained first st
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ep toward GOOS.
\par 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 3) How to help developing countries in build National Ocean Observing System and active participation in regional GOOS ?
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - Promotion of regional GOOS with emphasis of coastal hazard reduction
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - Providing basic technology in building Oce\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 an Observing System and Data management through capacity building program
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - Help developing countries in building Coastal Hazard Forecasting System and other ocean prediction model for operational oceanography
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - Coastal Hazard reduction with Storm Intensity Variation with Climate Change
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 Since this is more direct issue to many coastal countries, it would be easier for IOC to make member countries participate in the Global GOOS
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - Technology development for in si\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 tu. observation and remote sensing (including ground radar).
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - Gaps in coverage, continuity of service of remote sensing monitoring programmes would be problem of advanced countries that can not handled by developing countries.
\par 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 4). Coordination with oth\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 er related programs
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37     GEOSS is an overall program dealing with global observation of Earth system, where GOOS is it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  ocean module.   The aim of GEOSS }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 is very ambitious to collect al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 most all the data on Earth system in real-time.  GEOSS can be a good pla
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
tform for the GOOS for further development.  GEOSS is discussed at higher government level even at cabinet meeting in many countries.  It would be somewhat easier to initiate a program regarding to the ocean observation system when working together with G
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 E\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 OSS. It would be mutual benefit toward the success of global observing system.
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    Coastal hazards induced by tropical storm or tsunami are related to the ocean and coastal sea states, which is closely related to the marine meteorological forcing. The engi\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
neering countermeasure is also essential to control, management and advance preparation to reduced the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid3163618 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 mage}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 .  Cooperation among international program such as IOC, WMO, IHP, UNDP, UNEP etc. would be desirable to tackle the coastal disaster prevention or r
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 eduction induced by natural hazard. The GEOSS covers all these different area and would be more properly handled through active interfacing with GEOSS program.
\par 
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 COOPERATION  FOR  THE  COASTAL OBSERVATION SYSTEM
\par 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37       It is  helpful  if   GOOS   program  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
 is   designed   to   help   the  developing  countries  in  establishing  their  own   coastal     observing   systems  and   to   properly   integrate   these   national   systems    to   fulfil}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37    the objectives of   GOOS.   The developing  countries   
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 have  not enough resources  and  time  to  repeat the   same  problems in   establishing  coastal   zone    monitoring   system  which   other   fore-going  partners  have already experienced. The technologies }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 for   ocean observation should }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
be also  shared\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
  between  the member countries.   Some of the important tasks of  the  GOOS  Program  for  the  establishment  of  the  local  monitoring  systems  for  the  member  countries  and  integration of such systems for global purpose  are: 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - To encourage   \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
each   member country to   establish its national       coastal observing system through the demonstration of the usefulness of the regional ocean observing system.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 -  To provide technological support for   in   situ.   measurement   to      each  member c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
ountry,   especially  for   the   new  cost-effective        technology such  as  real-time  instrumented  monitoring,  which   is      suitable   for  efficient data   exchange  for  global use.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - To assist each country    in   designing   the   network  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37   such   as       network density, accuracy, space and time   resolution,   etc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 .         Global climate study }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 can be considered}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  and s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
uggested in this            process.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 -  Standardization of format, interval and quality   control of   the      accuracy   \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
and   reliability   is   necessary    for all   the            component system.  The data telemetry system   and    retrieval and     dissemination system are to be compatible.   Data   form and          accuracy need to be controlled or recommended by  
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  IOC    for         each   member   country    so   that collected information can be         properly integrated for GOOS.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12132369 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 - T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 o sponsor a technical transfer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 program for the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 evel}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 oping              countries.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\qj \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx0\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12132369 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 An international }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 training p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 rogram for the s
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 cientists and engineers   involved   in   ocean observing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 and data }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 anagement for each member country would be helpful. Technical meeting between   those    in charge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 
f national ocean observing system is necessary to exchange experience and   to solve   c\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ommon problems. A training course for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 hose involved in the data management of each country is also help}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid12132369 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ful in standardizing the data f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af37\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f37 ormat and accuracy etc. 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang335 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\loch\af37\dbch\af37\insrsid8261557 
\par }}