ࡱ> ` 3jbjb i\|c|c`{W:::@z0   $ eeePet^f  M hvh2j4jjjll4l       , R|  mllmm it  jj; itititm j j itB &   m itit  jh ,Xeq8`  0M xitit Ze e Electronic template for national reporting to I-GOOS-VIII (June 2007), due 1 May 2007 The ocean observing system 2007: National contributions and intended future commitments Introduction Information is requested about your national contributions and commitments to four areas of the ocean observing system: observations, data management, products and services, coordination activities including capacity building. The I-GOOS officers have identified the June 2007 meeting of the IOC-WMO-UNEP Intergovernmental Committee for the Global Ocean Observing System (I-GOOS-VIII) as the inauguration of the process of sustaining the observing system. GOOS works in partnership with JCOMM, IODE, GCOS, GTOS, and GOOS Regional Alliances (GRAs). The purposes of this national reporting are to: clearly identify national contributions and commitments to the ocean observing system to serve as a benchmark in measuring future progress, identify the national and international partnerships contributing to the ocean observing system; and in doing so promote national and international coordination, serve the reporting and information needs of each of the coordinating bodies involved in aspects of the ocean observing system, as well as report up to the GEOSS system of systems and to the UNFCCC through GCOS, provide source material for a catalog of potential additional sustained contributions to the Global Ocean Observing System, allow countries to report on their priorities for the ocean observing system. The request to fill out this report has been sent out by IOC Circular Letter 2160 to the IOC Member States. It requests the  HYPERLINK "http://www.ioc-goos.org/i-goos" national I-GOOS representative to take the lead in compiling the national report. Copies of this letter have also been sent to the Permanent Representatives of WMO Members,  HYPERLINK "http://www.iode.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewGroupRecord&groupID=59&Itemid=42" national IODE coordinators, and UNEP Regional Seas focal points. Compiling this report may require coordination across many different national agencies, organizations, and individuals, and we recognize that this will require a substantial investment in time and effort. Also, a number of GRAs are now in place and you may wish to coordinate your responses within the GRA. Individual national points of contact for particular aspects of the ocean observing system in your nation may have already provided information through separate requests, and clear references to these other questionnaires are given at the appropriate points below to avoid duplication of effort and promote consistency. Some of the questions are repeated from the  HYPERLINK "http://ioc.unesco.org/goos/MS/General/nation.htm" 2005 I-GOOS national reports, and your previous answers may guide you. GOOS modules and implementation goals GOOS has been developing through two separate modules: the global module and the coastal module. The global module of GOOS (also called the 'open-ocean' or 'climate' module) is designed to provide data and information products for climate monitoring, forecasting, and research, and also provides essential inputs to global operational oceanography. It is the ocean module of GCOS. The goals for the initial implementation of the global module of GOOS are written in the ocean chapter of the HYPERLINK "http://ioc3.unesco.org/oopc/documents/gcos/Implementation_Plan_(GCOS).pdf"GCOS Implementation Plan (GCOS IP), covering actions in satellite and in situ observations, data systems, and the provision of products. A number of the observing networks are coordinated via JCOMM. The 23rd IOC Assembly approved the GCOS IP, which was also approved by the WMO Executive Council and the COP of the UNFCCC. The coastal module of GOOS is intended to contribute to the understanding of the effects of human activity, climate change and natural disasters in coastal systems, through the gathering and interpretation of relevant data. Coastal GOOS is intended to address six societal goals (see Section 3.2 below). Following endorsement by the IOC member states, the HYPERLINK "http://www.ioc-goos.org/goos-125"Design and HYPERLINK "http://www.ioc-goos.org/goos-148"Implementation Strategies for the Coastal Module of GOOS were published in 2003 and 2005 respectively. IOC data exchange policy The 22nd IOC Assembly in 2003 adopted an  HYPERLINK "http://www.ioc-goos.org/ioc-xxii-6" IOC Oceanographic Data Exchange Policy through resolution IOC-XXII-6, for the timely, free and unrestricted international exchange of oceanographic data, associated metadata and products generated under the auspices of IOC programmes. If you report on a program that does not follow this policy, please report the specific data exchange policy for that program. Preparing your national report The blue fields () are provided to guide your responses about national activities. If the activities undertaken by your country do not fit the template exactly please provide free-form answers where you find it to be most appropriate. Please specify the URL link whenever further information about or access to data or products is available on the web, as this is often the best and most up-to-date information available. Send your national report in electronic format by 1 May 2007 to Albert Fischer by e-mail: HYPERLINK "mailto:a.fischer@unesco.org"a.fischer@unesco.org. If your report is larger than 5 Mb, please contact him for an alternate method of transmission, as the UNESCO mail system cannot accept it. We encourage you to  HYPERLINK "http://www.ioc-goos.org/gpo-staff" contact us for assistance with any questions about the template or the overall process. List of acronyms with web links ArgoArgo global array of profiling floatshttp://www.argo.netCEOSCommittee on Earth Observation Satelliteshttp://www.ceos.orgCLIVARWCRP Climate Variability and Predictability Projecthttp://www.clivar.orgCOPConference of the Parties of the UNFCCCDBCPData Buoy Cooperation Panelhttp://www.dbcp.noaa.gov/dbcp/FAOFood and Agriculture Organization of the United Nationshttp://www.fao.orgGCOSIOC-WMO-ICSU-UNEP Global Climate Observing Systemhttp://www.wmo.ch/web/gcos/gcoshome.htmlGCOS IPGCOS Implementation Planhttp://www.wmo.ch/web/gcos/Implementation_Plan_(GCOS).pdfGEOSSGlobal Earth Observation System of Systemshttp://www.earthobservations.orgGHRSST-PPGODAE High Resolution Sea Surface Temperature Pilot Projecthttp://www.ghrsst-pp.orgGLOSSGlobal Sea Level Observing Systemhttp://www.gloss-sealevel.orgGMDSSGlobal Maritime Distress and Safety Systemhttp://weather.gmdss.orgGODAEGlobal Ocean Data Assimilation Experimenthttp://www.godae.orgGOOSIOC-WMO-UNEP-ICSU Global Ocean Observing Systemhttp://www.ioc-goos.orgGRAGOOS Regional Alliancehttp://www.ioc-goos.org/graGSSCGOOS Scientific Steering Committee http://www.ioc-goos.org/gsscGSOPCLIVAR Global Synthesis and Observations Panelhttp://www.clivar.org/organization/gsop/gsop.phpGTOSFAO-UNEP-WMO-UNESCO-ICSU Global Terrestrial Observing Systemhttp://www.fao.org/gtosGTSGlobal Telecommunication Systemhttp://www.wmo.ch/web/www/TEM/gts.htmlICSUInternational Council for Sciencehttp://www.icsu.orgI-GOOSIOC-WMO-UNEP Intergovernmental Committee for GOOShttp://www.ioc-goos.org/i-goosIGOSIntegrated Global Observing Strategyhttp://www.igospartners.orgIOCIntergovernmental Oceanographic Commissionhttp://ioc.unesco.orgIOCCPInternational Ocean Carbon Coordination Projecthttp://www.ioccp.orgIODEIOC International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchangehttp://www.iode.orgJCOMMJoint WMO-IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorologyhttp://www.jcomm.infoLMELarge Marine EcosystemOceanSITESOcean reference stationshttp://www.oceansites.orgODINOcean Data and Information Networkhttp://www.iode.orgSOTShip Observations Teamhttp://www.jcommops.org/sot/UNEPUnited Nations Environment Programmehttp://www.unep.orgUNFCCCUnited Nations Framework Convention for Climate Changehttp://www.unfccc.intURLUniform Resource Locator (the web link)WCRPWMO-ICSU-IOC World Climate Research Programmehttp://wcrp.wmo.intWDCICSU World Data Center for ocean dataWISWMO Information Systemhttp://www.wmo.int/web/www/WISweb/home.htmlWMOWorld Meteorological Organizationhttp://www.wmo.intIPABInternational Programme for Antarctic Buoyshttp://ipab.awi-bremerhaven.de/IMOSIntegrated Marine Observing Systemhttp://www.imos.org.auGBROOSGreat Barrier Reef Ocean Observing System http://www.imos.org.au/nodes/great-barrier-reef-observing-system.html The ocean observing system 2007: National contributions and intended future commitments by Australia This report has been compiled by: Phil Parker, Oceanographic Services Section, Weather and Ocean Services Policy Branch, Bureau of Meteorology, PO Box 1289 Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia. Email  HYPERLINK "mailto:p.parker@bom.gov.au" p.parker@bom.gov.au; phone +61 3 9669 4870 with additional input from: Bruce MapstoneA, Ian AllisonA, Tom TrullA, Susan WijffelsB, Bronte TillbrookB, Craig SteinbergC, Peter DexterD, James ChittleboroughD , Lisa CowenD, Graeme BallD, Brian SharpD, Eric SchulzD, Helen BeggsD. NB. A=Antarctic Climate & Ecosystems Cooperative Research Centre (ACE CRC); B=CSIRO Marine and Atmospheric Research (CMAR); C= Australian Institute of Marine Science (AIMS); D=Bureau of Meteorology (ABOM) Introduction This report from Australia on National GOOS activities reflects in part the emerging observational and monitoring activities that are being facilitated in a developmental mode by the Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS). IMOS is the new national program of funding for research and development, under the umbrella of the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy (NCRIS). NCRIS provides $50 million ($AUS) over 2006-2011 to foster and improve major research facilities, supporting infrastructure and networks necessary for world-class research. While IMOS will provide a very significant boost to ocean observing activities in the research and development context, it still remains for the oceanographic community to secure the necessary ongoing funding to operate and further expand national ocean observing networks for the long term national, and international benefit. Observations Open-ocean/global observing networks In situ observations defined in the GCOS IP The JCOMM Observations Programme Area coordinator regularly  HYPERLINK "http://www.oco.noaa.gov/index.jsp?show_page=page_country_contributions.jsp&nav=observing" compiles information about national contributions to the following networks defined in the GCOS IP. In situ observing elementnational contributioninternational total200520062007 plans2008+ plansOct 2006goalDBCPSurface drifting buoys 11561250with barometer12131717317600Sea ice buoys (IABP, IPAB)21102/year24Global tropical moored buoy network2477119Coastal moorings36109Ocean SITESGlobal reference mooring network1629Total time series sites including above21112858GLOSSstations committed to GLOSS28282828+206290GLOSS real-time reporting stations512121881170GLOSS geolocated stations8881569170SOTHigh-density XBT lines occupied33332264Frequently-repeated XBT lines occupied22251725VOS AWS ships1081216140VOSClim ships11121720113200ASAP ships27ASAP sondes deployed5319IOCCPCarbon survey (hydrographic lines completed since 2001) 33341631Underway measurements (VOS lines)222329Argoprofiling floats6445505025103000 Additional detail on the numbers reported above Under the SOT program the number of Low-density repeated XBT lines occupied were, or are planned to be, for: 2005 (2); 2006 (3); 2007 (3); 2008 (0). The ACE CRC has maintained two deep ocean time-series sediment trap and current meter moorings along 140E at 47S(Subantarctic Zone) and 54S (Polar Frontal Zone) since 1997. In 2005 both moorings operated. In 2006 and 2007 only the 54S mooring operated. In late 2007 this mooring will be retrieved and not redeployed. In 2008 the 47S site will be re-instrumented with a new sediment trap mooring, an air-sea ASIMET surface flux mooring, and a surface biogeochemical mooring to begin operating as an OceanSITES time series under the IMOS program. The IMOS Great Barrier Reef Ocean Observing System (GBROOS) will commence deploying an array of 4 pairs of moorings along the Great Barrier Reef (GBR) in 2007. There will be 4 on the continental slope and 4 on the continental shelf in order to monitor the East Australian Current and Hiri Current. Australian contribution to the GLOSS network comprises: 22 Committed GLOSS Stations on Australian Territory; 6 Committed GLOSS Stations on Non-Australian Territory but operated by Australia. Of these stations: 6 Stations have CGPS nearby; 2 Stations have PAGEOS station nearby. Other open-ocean/global sustained observing networks AIMS operates a number of automatic weather stations located along the GBR. See  HYPERLINK "http://www.aims.gov.au/weather.html" www.aims.gov.au/weather.html AIMS performs long term monitoring of the condition of coral reefs. See http://www.aims.gov.au/pages/research/reef-monitoring/reef-monitoring-index.html Research and development supporting open-ocean observations Development and deployment of the Devil XBT system, a joint project between CMAR and the ABOM. Development of ArgoRT, a joint project between CMAR and ABOM. This software package is used to process, quality control and dissemination Argo real-time data in a timely fashion. Development of MQuest (application to quality control of upper ocean thermal data) developed by CMAR. Underway carbon measurements have been made successfully for a number of years on two ships in the Southern Ocean. The research ship, Southern Surveyor, will be instrumented for underway carbon measurements in 2007 in order to improve coverage in Australian regional seas. CMAR and the ACE CRC have been developing a deep-ocean mooring for surface mixed layer biogeochemical measurements, based on a small surface float coupled to a subsurface instrument string via an elastic member to dampen wave accelerations. A program of 5 deployments has been carried out but not yet with full success. AIMS is developing a sensor network for intensive real time measurements in the coral reef, see  HYPERLINK "http://www.coralreefeon.org/" http://www.coralreefeon.org/. Supporting funding under IMOS GBROOS will allow the roll out of networks on the GBR from 2007/2008. Satellite observations AIMS Remote Sensing has operated an L-band station and contributes NOAA AVHRR to CMAR and Orbimage SeaWiFS imagery to NASA GSFC archive centres. In late 2007 AIMS will upgrade to an X-band capability allowing the reception of MODIS imagery and supply to the national Remote Sensing Australian Ocean Distributed Archive and Access Centre (AO-DAAC). Coastal observations The AIMS Data Centre provides selected data over the web see http://www.aims.gov.au/adc. This is intended to link in closely with the national Australian Oceanographic Data Centre Joint Facility (AODC-JF) - see  HYPERLINK "http://www.aodc.org.au" http://www.aodc.org.au and also IMOS - see  HYPERLINK "http://www.imos.org.au/" http://www.imos.org.au/. Under the IMOS project several coastal observing projects will be undertaken over the period 2007-2011, including: A fleet of ocean gliders programmed to sample the physical connection between major offshore currents and the biophysical environment over the continental shelf; An array of shallow water moorings around Australia to measure temperature, salinity and other variables; The introduction of coastal radar technology to observe inshore currents; An array of acoustic listening stations on the continental shelf in Queensland and South Australia to detect fish movements; Sensor networks on the Great Barrier Reef to detect reef responses to climate and ocean phenomena. Data management For open-ocean/global observations Real-time data streams DBCP BUOY observations are collected by the Argos system and distributed on the GTS. OceanSITES Data delivery from the planned OceanSITES surface flux mooring at 140E 47S will be delivered via IMOS and the ABOM. GLOSS ABOM operates: 7 Australian GLOSS stations reporting every 3 minutes on GTS; 5 Pacific Island GLOSS stations reporting every hour on GTS; National Tidal Centre (NTC) with national responsibility for quality control, archival and dissemination of sea level data on behalf of other institutions. Other Australian GLOSS station operators include: Australian Antarctic Division (4 GLOSS stations); Australian Maritime Safety Authority (1); Manly Hydraulics Laboratory (2); Queensland Department of Transport (1); Bundaberg Port Authority (1); Western Australian Department of Planning and Infrastructure (1; Fremantle Port Authority (1); Port Hedland Port Authority (1); Sydney Ports Corporation (1); Townsville Port Authority (1); CMAR (2 historical stations). SOT SHIP observations are mostly collected via Special Access Code 41 through the Inmarsat system and disseminated on the GTS. BATHY observations from the ABOM are collected in real-time using Argos and disseminated on the GTS. BATHY observations from CMAR are placed on the GTS by SIO at the end of each voyage if within 30 days of the observation. A selection of Royal Australian Navy (RAN) BATHY observations is placed on the GTS. Delayed mode QC of high resolution XBT lines is preformed by CMAR. Argo Observations are collected via the Argos system and quality controlled using ArgoRT by the ABOM and CMAR. ABOM constructs TESAC messages, which are then placed on the GTS within 24 hours of the observation. ABOM and CSIRO both submit the full-resolution, real-time netCDF data files to the two Argo GDACs: Coriolis and GODAE, also within 24 hours of the observation. The Argo delayed mode data stream is managed by CMAR. Satellite observations Other open-ocean sustained observations reported in Section 1.1 Delayed-mode archives Delayed-mode quality controlled SHIP data from Australian recruited VOS are submitted annually to the GCC (UK and Germany) for the WMO MCSS. Delayed-mode, full resolution XBT data are quality controlled and sent annually to the NODC (USA). The three organizations involved (CMAR, ABOM and RAN) all manage their own delayed-mode data streams. Delayed-mode quality controlled float data are submitted by CMAR to the two Argo GDACs: GODAE and Coriolis, and eventually US NODC. Data from sea ice buoys are acquired, quality controlled and disseminated to IPAB ( HYPERLINK "http://ipab.awi-bremerhaven.de" http://ipab.awi-bremerhaven.de). Sea level data from Australian-operated GLOSS stations are archived at University of Hawaii Sea Level Centre, Permanent Service for Mean Sea Level (UK), and British Oceanographic Data Centre (UK). Quality controlled carbon data will be archived at CDIAC (USA). Data archeology or data reprocessing activities for open-ocean/global reanalysis include: IOTA Indian Ocean Thermal Archive: http://www.marine.csiro.au/~gronell/IOproject/IndianOceanProject.html Partnership with the NOAA International Pacific Research Center to assemble and perform stringent quality control for ocean temperature data. Currently work has been completed for the Indian Ocean, and now expanding into the SW Pacific. Digitisation of historical tide charts is planned by the NTC. Partnerships What are your national plans to make the data streams and archives reported on in this section compatible with the WMO Information System (WIS)? 7 Australian GLOSS Stations transmit real time data every 3 minutes over the GTS in WMO accepted CREX format. 5 Pacific GLOSS Stations operated by Australia transmit near real time meteorological data every hour over GTS in WMO standard DCP packet format. National impediments to progress in sustained open-ocean/basin-scale data management activities. Current dependence on short-term research funding of a large part of Australias sustained ocean observing system remains a problem. The IMOS initiative will establish the backbone of the large-scale ocean observing infrastructure required to establish an Australian Integrated Ocean Observing System (AusIOOS). However the funding, secured for the period 2007-2011, has been provided as part of a national initiative to substantially enhance research activities in key areas of national interest. The transition of the IMOS projects into an operational ocean observing program has yet to be accepted by government for ongoing and long term funding. For coastal observations Real-time data streams Delayed-mode archives Partnerships Data Management of coastal observations in Australia is undergoing significant development at the present time, given the recent establishment of IMOS and the AODCJF. Data management activities will expand in line with the deployment of coastal observation networks especially as it gathers pace over the next 3-5 years. In particular refer to the eMarine Information Infrastructure (eMII) project under IMOS (see  HYPERLINK "http://www.imos.org.au" http://www.imos.org.au) Products and services Production of ocean environmental information Open-ocean/global products and services National contributions to global/basin-scale operational ocean forecasting The BMRC is conducting a climate scale ocean re-analyses from 1979 to present to support its dynamical seasonal prediction effort. The re-analyses is uses the POAMA Ensemble Ocean Data Assimilation System (PEODAS) that uses a pseudo-Ensemble Kalman Filter, based on multivariate ensemble optimum interpolation and covariances from a perturbed time evolving ensemble. The present plan is to make the re-analyses available to CLIVAR scientists on an OPeNDAP server. Australias BLUElink ocean prediction project (see  HYPERLINK "http://www.cmar.csiro.au/bluelink/" http://www.cmar.csiro.au/bluelink/ or  HYPERLINK "http://www.bom.gov.au/oceanography/projects/BLUElink/about.html" http://www.bom.gov.au/oceanography/projects/BLUElink/about.html ) is a major national contribution to GODAE. BLUElink, which is a project being developed by a partnership between ABOM, CMAR and RAN, commenced in 2003. Its aim is to develop ocean model analysis and prediction systems, to provide timely information and forecasts for the oceans around Australia. Phase 1 is currently being implemented operationally at the ABOM National Meteorological and Oceanographic Centre (NMOC). Phase 2 of the project will run from 2007-2010. The total investment by the development partners will be around $33M (AUD) by project end. Australia is also a major regional participant and contributor to the GHRSTT-PP. Since June 2006, ABOM has been producing trial SST analysis files in the GHRSST-PP "L4" format from the BLUElink (Phase 1) 1/12 resolution regional SST analysis system over the region 20N to 70S, 60E to 170W. These netCDF files can be downloaded in real-time via an OPeNDAP server accessible through  HYPERLINK "http://godae.bom.gov.au" http://godae.bom.gov.au. The analyses are obtained using optimum interpolation techniques blending satellite SST data from infra-red and microwave sensors on polar-orbiting satellites. As part of Phase 2 of BLUElink, in collaboration with the University of Leicester and GHRSTT-PP, and with funding from IMOS, ABOM plans to develop and disseminate the following sea surface temperature products over 2007-2010: Locally received direct broadcast AVHRR level 2 SST data files in the GHRSST-PP "L2P" format from NOAA polar-orbiting satellites over the Australian region; High quality in situ SST from hull-mounted temperature sensors on vessels of the Australian Volunteer Observing Fleet fitted with Automatic Weather Stations (available in real-time every 3 hours via the GTS); Operational daily, regional foundation SST analyses ("L4") at between 5 km and 10 km spatial resolution; Trial six-hourly, regional, skin SST analyses at between 5 km and 10 km spatial resolution; Trial, daily, global, foundation SST analyses at ~20 km spatial resolution. In order to produce regional skin SST analyses in addition to the foundation SST analyses developed for BLUElink Phase 1, ABOM will develop local SST coefficients for AVHRR by regressing brightness temperatures from these infrared radiometers against SSTs obtained from the Envisat AATSR radiometer. ABOM will produce real-time, daily, global, foundation SST OI analyses at around 20 km spatial resolution, which will be a blend of global infrared and microwave satellite L2P SST data streams, following similar blending methods as used for the regional SST analysis. Other nationally-produced open-ocean/basin-scale products or services Tidal services Tide predictions for Australia and Pacific Forum Countries are provided as either part of the ABOMs basic oceanographic service (as a public good), or under agreement or contract with a range of national and local ports and harbour agencies, the RAN Hydrographer, or as part of the South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Monitoring Project (SPSLCMP) which is currently funded as a foreign aid activity in the South Pacific region. Predictions are calculated 12 months in advance, and may be obtained (in part) from the Bureaus web site, the Australian National Tide Tables (published by the Hydrographer), or via tide calendars which are provided to the PICs as part of the SPSLCMP - see  HYPERLINK "http://www.bom.gov.au/oceanography/tides/" http://www.bom.gov.au/oceanography/tides/ . Planning for the redevelopment of the national tidal benchmark reference tide gauge network is presently underway. A major refit of the gauges in the network (14 stations) will be undertaken in 2007-2009 (?), which will underpin more accurate tide data and improved predictions for Australian ports and improved reliability and operation of the network going forward. Tsunamis Australia is a key contributor in the southern hemisphere to the development and operation of tsunami warning systems in the wider region, including its role as the major regional player in the International Coordination Groups (ICGs) for the Indian Ocean Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/IOTWS) and the Pacific Tsunami Warning and Mitigation System (ICG/PTWS). The national government recognized this role, and the importance to the nation of having a well developed tsunami warning capability, through appropriation of $60M AUD to the development of the ATWS in the wake of the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Australia provides real time observations from Australian sea level gauges to the international tsunami monitoring and prediction systems. Currently the Australian Tsunami Warning System (ATWS) does not provide tsunami monitoring or prediction services outside Australian territory. However, Australia has been designated as a Tsunami Watch centre for the Indian Ocean, for which the exact details of its role and contributions are currently being determined (notably at the ICG/IOTWS Working Group 5 on Development of Tsunami Warning Services, Melbourne, 5-7 June 2007). Also, as part of the development of the ATWS, Australia is investing significant funds to upgrade existing tsunami gauges in the SW Pacific, and is currently deploying several Deep-ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunami (DART) buoys in the SW Pacific and SE Indian Ocean basins. The observations from the enhanced tsunami networks are being provided to the international community as the upgrade proceeds. See  HYPERLINK "http://www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/index.shtml" http://www.bom.gov.au/tsunami/index.shtml. GMDSS broadcasts Australia is the issuing service for the GMDSS broadcast services (high seas marine meteorological forecast and warnings) provided for the SE Indian Ocean and SW Pacific Ocean basins for WMO Metarea 10 (the area south of the equator and between approximately 90E to 170E). Within this responsibility, Australia routinely issues marine forecasts and warnings for its area of national responsibility, and oversights compilation of the bulletins to incorporate or reflect material also issued for the Metarea by adjoining national meteorological services which have the status of a preparation service for the Metarea. The forecasts and warnings issued by Australia include descriptions of weather and sea state, and are issued twice daily. Australia also provides routine broadcast of coastal waters forecasts and warnings for several regions of its coastline, in response to significant demand from key user segments in those areas. In those areas in particular fishing vessels are mandated to carry GMDSS-compliant communications equipment as part of regional fishing vessel management regimes. See  HYPERLINK "http://weather.gmdss.org/X.html" http://weather.gmdss.org/X.html and  HYPERLINK "http://www.bom.gov.au/marine/bureau_inmarsat.shtml" http://www.bom.gov.au/marine/bureau_inmarsat.shtml . Search and Rescue Australia provides search and rescue support services to a large ocean area around Australia, covering 52.8 million km2 of the Indian, Pacific and Southern Oceans. The service is provided by AusSAR, the national search and rescue organisation, which is part of the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA). AusSAR operates a 24 hour Rescue Coordination Centre (RCC) in Canberra and is responsible for the national coordination of both maritime and aviation search and rescue. AusSAR is also responsible for the management and operation of the Australian ground segment of the Cospas-Sarsat distress beacon detection system. The RCC is staffed by SAR specialists who have a naval, merchant marine, air force, civil aviation or police service background. The RCC also coordinates medical evacuations, broadcasts maritime safety information and operates the Australian Ship Reporting System (AUSREP). Marine Pollution The Joint WMO/IOC Technical Commission for Oceanography and Marine Meteorology (JCOMM) operates its Marine Pollution Emergency Response Support System (MPERSS) for the high seas. The primary objective of MPERSS is to have in place a coordinated, global system for the provision of meteorological and oceanographic information for marine pollution emergency response operations outside waters under national jurisdiction. The areas covered have the same geographical distribution of those used for the GMDSS. As the MPERSS Area Meteorological Coordinator for Metarea 10 Australia has the responsibility to provide supporting met-ocean information and decision support to other countries in the region which do not have the capacity to operate a marine pollution monitoring and mitigation activity of their own. AMSA is the Australian agency responsible for dealing with major marine pollution incidents beyond inshore Australian waters. It operates a numerical model-based decision support system for handling marine pollution emergencies the Net Water Movement System. In cases where incidents occur in nearby countries which also fall within the domain of the decision support system, AMSA will provide support to those countries upon request. See  HYPERLINK "http://weather.gmdss.org/" http://weather.gmdss.org/ . Coastal products and services The following products/services are provided in Australian coastal territories: Weather forecasts and warnings; Storm surges; Tides; Tsunami alerts and warnings; Abnormally large waves; Dangerous swell; . Tools BLUElink -  HYPERLINK "http://www.cmar.csiro.au/bluelink/" http://www.cmar.csiro.au/bluelink/ or  HYPERLINK "http://www.bom.gov.au/oceanography/projects/BLUElink/about.html" http://www.bom.gov.au/oceanography/projects/BLUElink/about.html; IMOS -  HYPERLINK "http://www.imos.org.au" http://www.imos.org.au; ABOM -  HYPERLINK "http://www.bom.gov.au/" http://www.bom.gov.au/; CMAR -  HYPERLINK "http://www.cmar.csiro.au/" http://www.cmar.csiro.au/; AODCJF -  HYPERLINK "http://www.aodc.org.au" http://www.aodc.org.au; . Partnerships There is a growing secondary value-add industry in Australia, predominantly centred in engineering consultancies (coastal, civil, structural etc.) but also branches of the major international companies such as .. It is anticipated that as outputs from BLUElink become more fully operationalised and available to the wider downstream providers, significant further growth will occur over the coming 5 year time frame. The ABOM will make a large cross-section of numerical outputs from the system freely available to the sector for additional tailoring and value adding for specific customers. It is fair to say that at the present time the secondary provides are only just becoming aware of the opportunities BLUElink will provide to them. Presently there are no formal inks between these providers and the ABOM, except for informal liaison meetings for the whole range of secondary providers (meteorology, oceanography, etc.) run along consultative lines. These sessions inform the industry about current and future developments, newly operational services and changes in the operating environment which may have impact upon their businesses. A series of User Workshops is being held in 2007-2008 to involve potential users of BLUElink products in the further development and shaping of products to better serve industrys needs. Its likely that an industry consultative group will be set up as BLUElink matures and the value adding by secondary providers becomes more highly developed. In national terms the investment in BLUElink and IMOS (in excess of $80M (AUD)) is very significant, and is providing a quantum leap in research, development and the final downstream products/services that will be delivered. National coordination of the governmental marine/ocean sector is improving, but still can be described as fairly complex. However awareness of the benefits of these current major initiatives is high across the spectrum. It is fairly unlikely that agencies who have remits in areas such as marine biology, ecosystems management, marine living resource management, coastal protection etc. will not take advantage of the outcomes of the investment currently being made in observations and modeling systems. A limiting factor will be the success of gaining funding for the transition of the new observing networks, developed under IMOS, into a funded, long term operational program. Application of ocean environmental information Open-ocean/global information Is the environmental information being successfully incorporated into problem-solving or decision-making for societal benefit? Awareness of applications and potential benefits At the level of the agencies involved, and within government and industry the degree of awareness about open-ocean/global products and services that are available, or that may soon be available, ranges from very high to reasonably well informed. Recent BLUElink User Forums indicated that the value-add secondary providers may not be fully across the potential applications of the system outputs, but that may be as a result of the long developmental phase of the project and limited number of demonstration products currently to hand. Key success factors and the major impediments to progress Reasonably well developed national coordination of marine observing activities, at least at the level of governments in Australia, has positioned the nation well for the kind of rapid development of observing activities and networks that are currently underway as evidenced by the establishment of the IMOS project, the ATWS and the BLUElink system. However, the lack of a defined pathway to long term operational status for the activities and networks that IMOS will establish, is currently seen as a major impediment to ensuring the long term assimilation and utilization of data, products and services by the broader community of decision makers, industry and value-add providers. The connections between ocean behaviour and pressing environmental concerns at home and in the wider region have as yet remained to be substantially discovered. Such applications will be researched and developed once projects such as IMOS and BLUElink mature, and potential additional users see new and further benefits arising from applying outputs from the projects to major areas of concern. Priority societal problems and uptake of open-ocean/global environmental information In Australia the priority societal concerns currently focus on environmental change flowing from rapid and significant climate change. These concerns now have a major political dimension. Manifestations of climate change/global warming, such as rising sea level, increasing average temperatures, coral bleaching and major shifts in rainfall patterns, now have attained a very high level of public awareness. Other aspects have probably not caught public attention as much, for example potential significant changes in biological productivity of ocean areas in the vicinity, and a marked increase in coastal erosion due to increased impacts of more energetic wind and wave systems in coastal regions. As outputs increase from projects now underway, including IMOS and BLUElink, the relevance to both short and long term issues and decision making in their regard, is expected to grow very rapidly. Further, it is anticipated that operating the BLUElink ocean prediction modeling system in climate mode will provide significant insight into the shifting ocean climate around Australia in the longer run (decadal) and the effects on the broader Australian environment and national interests. Coastal information For each societal goal in Coastal GOOS (see below), please provide narrative answers, highlighting success stories if possible, to the following questions: What are the major problems facing your nation? Is the environmental information reported on in Section 3.1 becoming part of the solution to those problems? If so, how? If not, what are the major impediments to progress? Detection and prediction of the effects of global climate change on coastal ecosystems Lack of necessary coastal networks for observing physical, biological, and chemical ocean variables from sustained and sufficiently dense operational networks is the major factor limiting the widespread and successful application to national problems in the coastal zone. Without these networks it will not be possible to detect the climate change signals sufficiently in advance, or to verify the prediction systems that are currently under development or being planned. Safe and efficient marine operations New investment in tide gauge infrastructure will lead to improved tide prediction services, and thereby the management of ships in port (under keel clearance systems using more accurate tide information/predictions). Improved coastal modeling, eg. flowing from BLUElink Phase 2 and application of IMOS outcomes will also improve the scientific basis for preparation of tide predictions. Improved environmental data and models will improve prediction of adverse weather and storm surges their impacts on port areas. Effective control and mitigation of the effects of natural hazards ATWS..rising sea levels? Storm surge modellingpotential coastal inundation due SL risemore, better, more timely and accurate baseline information and improved predictions (better boundary/initial conditions).new/more/more useful applications for decision support and planning/mitigation Reduced public health risks Protected and restored healthy ecosystems Restored and sustained living marine resources Coordination and capacity-building The ocean observing system builds on and will develop through many existing observing networks and systems. Coordination (meetings, liaison, secretariat support) aimed at creating a rational and integrated system constitutes an important contribution to the system. Global coordination and capacity-building Amount of national contribution to global coordination directly through the IOC: unearmarked funds given to the IOC Trust Fund for the observing system: 2005 total US$ ; 2006 total US$ ; intended future commitment US$ (mark time frame) earmarked funds given to the IOC (note purpose) : 2005 total AUD$535K (ICG/IOTWS and IOC Secretariat Perth); 2006 total AUD$535K (ICG/IOTWS and IOC Secretariat Perth); intended future commitment AUD$535K (ICG/IOTWS and IOC Secretariat Perth) (indefinite, per annum) in kind support (i.e., secondments to the IOC) : 2005 person-years ; 2006 person years ; intended future commitment (mark time frame) Amount of national contribution to global coordination directly through the WMO (specify financial and in kind contributions as above): AUD$20K per annum direct and at least AUD$50K per annum in kind. Comments on global coordination mechanisms (suggestions and feedback on the functioning of the coordination mechanisms GOOS, JCOMM, IODE and GCOS, their governing and subsidiary bodies, and secretariats): The mechanisms are largely appropriate (except for the existence and role of IGOOS, which is still problematic), and the coordination is improving. Capacity-building activities: please list projects that are a direct contribution to developing capacity to build or benefit from the ocean observing system at a global level. Include information on the goals, beneficiaries, methods, investment and future plans. Regional coordination and capacity-building Financial and in kind contributions Amounts shown in Australian dollars. Amount of national contribution to regional coordination through GRAs: $20K to PIGOOS, IOGOOS, SEAGOOS; $30K in kind (GRA meetings, etc) Amount of national contribution to regional coordination through other IOC projects: $535K direct, $120K+ in kind Amount of national contribution to regional coordination through other bodies: $7K (WAGOOS) Please list regional projects to develop capacity across nations to build or benefit from the ocean observing system. Include information on the goals, beneficiaries, methods, investment and future plans. Participation in the IOGOOS/JCOMM XBT Training Workshop, Goa, October 2005; ICG/IOTWS-I in Perth, August 2005;. ICG/PTWS-XXI, Melbourne, May 2006; Workshop for experts from PICs, on the operation of tsunami warning and mitigation systems. Fourteen participants from 8 PICs were funded by the Australian Government to participate and attend ICG/PTWS-XXI, Melbourne, May 2006; CoMMIT (web based coastal inundation modeling) workshop in Melbourne in January 2007 for experts from Indian Ocean countries; Inaugural meeting of the Steering Committee for ICG/IOTWS, Perth, January 2007; ICG/IOTWS WG5, Development of Tsunami Warning Services, Melbourne, 5-7 June 2007; Support for Pacific Island countries to develop capacity in tsunami preparedness and warning systems Hosting JCOMM/WMO training workshop on surge and wave forecasting, Melbourne, 2008 Financial and in kind support for JCOMM storm surge symposium, Seoul, October 2007 South Pacific Sea Level and Climate Project National coordination and capacity-building What is your mechanism for coordination of national agency and institution implementation of the ocean observing system? Are both ocean-related (oceanographic, hydrographic, fisheries, environmental, etc.) and meteorological agencies and institutions included? Specify if you have a National GOOS Committee. At the national level, agencies of the Australian Government participate in the Oceans Policy Science Advisory Group (OPSAG), which facilitates coordination across all marine departments, agencies and disciplines. The governance structure for IMOS is still being evolved. OPSAG does not yet include marine components of the Australian states, industry and the university sectors. While a National GOOS Committee does not formally exist, interested participants in both IMOS and OPSAG act as an informal body supporting and advocating the AusIOOS as the long term operational successor to IMOS. Other more formal coordination mechanisms include: Annual National SOOP Coordination Panel meetings between ABOM, CMAR and RAN; Annual Argo Australia meetings between ABOM, CMAR and RAN; Bi-monthly UOT meetings between ABOM (observations, engineering, operations and analysis) and CMAR. The establishment of an AusIOOS, as described previously, is a major objective of the marine/ocean sector, particularly given the need to secure funding to continue to operate the networks that are to be established under IMOS over the long term. A major, multi-agency submission to government for funding will be required to achieve that outcome before IMOS winds down.  http://www.ioc-goos.org/i-goos  http://www.iode.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewGroupRecord&groupID=59&Itemid=42  http://ioc.unesco.org/goos/MS/General/nation.htm  http://ioc3.unesco.org/oopc/documents/gcos/Implementation_Plan_(GCOS).pdf  http://www.ioc-goos.org/goos-125  http://www.ioc-goos.org/goos-148  http://www.ioc-goos.org/ioc-xxii-6  http://www.ioc-goos.org/gpo-staff  http://www.oco.noaa.gov/index.jsp?show_page=page_country_contributions.jsp&nav=observing  national SOT coordinators have been requested to fill out a report by March 2007 on their activities. Please ensure the answers above are consistent.     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